After adding support for external stylesheets the next step is to add support for Drupal root paths, in the same way that Library definitions can have a Drupal root url for CSS/JS assets.
Stylesheets that aren't external and use a '/' as the first character can be safely assumed to be Drupal root relative (this what LibraryDiscoveryParser does).
So the supported set of stylesheets paths would look like this:
ckeditor_stylesheets
- //www.external.com/stylesheet.css
- /libraries/your-library/stylesheet.css
- css/stylesheet.css
The use case for this is to include CSS assets from outside the theme directory (i.e. the libraries directory).