Replace non-test usages of \Drupal::time() with IoC injection

Problem/Motivation

This is a follow-up issue to #2729597: [meta] Replace \Drupal with injected services where appropriate in core.

Proposed resolution

Replace all non-static, non-test references to \Drupal::time() with IoC injection where possible.

Remaining tasks

1. Make the requested changes to non-static references to \Drupal::time().
2. Adjust existing tests to compensate for the newly added deprecation notices.
3. Obtain code review from a framework manager (since this touches multiple subsystems).
4. Address any change requests from the framework manager.
5. Commit.

API changes

Some additional optional parameters. After committing this issue, not passing the parameters will result in a deprecation notice (but existing APIs should still work as intended).

Release notes snippet

TBD; maybe not necessary?