Add symfony/polyfill-php84 and make use of new array functions

Problem/Motivation

PHP 8.4 will be released after Drupal 11, meaning we won't be able to use new features until we drop support for PHP 8.3. Fortunately symfony provides polyfills for many of these functions.

Steps to reproduce

Proposed resolution

Add symfony/polyfill-php84. Modernize some areas of core to use array_find, array_all, array_any and other related functions. \Drupal\Component\Assertion\Inspector is a good place to start because it has many related functions and has good unit test coverage

Remaining tasks

User interface changes

API changes

Data model changes

Release notes snippet