If you try to use #ajax on a Views exposed filter form element, the callback is never invoked. This was discussed at length in the Views issue queue here:
#1183418: Ajax attached to exposed filters in form_alter doesn't trigger callback
The same bug exists in the version of Views in Drupal 8 core. As merlinofchaos wrote:
Views are $_GET forms and they specifically remove the form_id and form_build_id and form_token because they are 'submitted' even when they aren't submitted. That means the standard #ajax tools don't work with them, since those rely on being able to cache the form in core's form cache. That system is to naive to work with core's filters. I've never really tried to do anything like this in D7 yet, so I don't know what the solutions might be, but I can say that it's going to provide very ugly URLs if you hack the form id back in.
The proposed solution is to add a little custom JS magic so that we identify all the form info via after_build callbacks, stash those in JS settings, and then inside the JS, we reattach the relevant form info to the #ajax-enabled form elements so that their callbacks can be properly invoked.